Playwright vs Cypress vs Selenium — UK End-to-End Testing (2026)
Playwright is ClickMasters' default for E2E testing in 2026: multi-browser (Chromium, Firefox, WebKit — Cypress is Chromium-only), faster execution (parallel tests across browsers), and NHS DTAC-compatible (Playwright Trace Viewer generates detailed test evidence). Cypress is right for component testing within React (Cypress Component Testing is genuinely excellent — better than Playwright for isolated React component tests). Selenium is legacy — new UK projects should use Playwright. E2E testing framework choice affects NHS DTAC Domain 3 test evidence quality, Cyber Essentials Annex A2 patch verification, and WCAG 2.1 AA automated accessibility testing.
| Factor | Playwright | Cypress | Selenium WebDriver |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-browser (UK WCAG compliance) | ✅ Chromium + Firefox + WebKit (Safari) | Chromium only — not Firefox/Safari | ✅ All browsers — via WebDriver |
| NHS DTAC test evidence | ✅ Playwright Trace Viewer — video + network + console | Cypress Dashboard — good evidence | Selenium Grid reports — verbose |
| WCAG automated testing in E2E | ✅ axe-playwright (axe-core via Playwright) | ✅ cypress-axe — good | axe-selenium — available |
| GOV.UK / NHS Design System testing | ✅ Test at component level via Playwright fixtures | Cypress Component Test — good | Verbose setup required |
| CI/CD integration (GitHub Actions) | ✅ Official Docker image + GitHub Action | ✅ Official Docker image + GitHub Action | Docker image available — slower |
| Parallel test execution | ✅ Native sharding — fast CI/CD | Cypress Parallelisation (paid plan) | Selenium Grid — complex setup |
| Component testing (React) | Playwright Component Test — available | ✅ Best — Cypress Component Testing | |
| ClickMasters default | ✅ All E2E, API, and accessibility testing | React component unit/integration tests | Legacy projects only |
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