Terraform vs Pulumi vs AWS CDK — Which IaC for UK Software Teams? (2025)

Updated: July 20259 min read
🇬🇧 UK💷 GBP📊 Comparison🔒 UK GDPR⚖️ UK Law

Terraform is the right default for most UK software teams: largest community, most modules available, provider-agnostic (AWS + Azure + multi-cloud), and the standard tool for UK DevOps engineers. AWS CDK is better for AWS-only teams who prefer TypeScript over HCL. Pulumi is better for teams who want to write IaC in their application language (Python, TypeScript, Go) without learning HCL. Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool choice affects how UK teams provision AWS/Azure infrastructure, manage Cyber Essentials change control, and satisfy FCA operational resilience documentation requirements.

FactorTerraform (HCL)AWS CDK (TypeScript)Pulumi (TypeScript/Python)
LanguageHCL (HashiCorp Config Language)TypeScript/Python/Java/C#TypeScript, Python, Go, .NET
Multi-cloud support✅ AWS, Azure, GCP, 3000+ providersAWS only✅ AWS, Azure, GCP
UK DevOps market familiarity✅ Largest community — most engineers know itGrowingSmaller — premium engineers
Cyber Essentials change audit trail✅ Plan + apply output = audit trailCDK diff + deploy = audit trailPreview + update = audit trail
State managementTerraform Cloud or S3 backendCloudFormation handles statePulumi Cloud or S3 backend
NHS/GDS IaC standardTerraform most common in NHS DigitalUsed in some NHSX projectsRare in gov/NHS
Module reuse✅ Terraform Registry (1000s of modules)CDK ConstructsPulumi Registry
Learning curveMedium — HCL is simple but differentLow for TypeScript devsLow for existing language
ClickMasters default✅ All infrastructureAWS-only TypeScript teamsBy client preference

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